Observatorio ARVAL

Meteorology for South Florida and the Caribbean

The Moist Tropical Climate of the Caribbean
The Moist Tropical Climate of South Florida
Images from the Meteorological Satellites
Graphic Weather Forecasts
Tides
Other Local Meteorological Forecasts
Hurricanes
Global Warming?

Astronomy for South Florida (Fair Weather Astronomy - Separate Page)
   - Calendar of Astronomical Events

The Moist Tropical Climate of the Caribbean:

The Trade Winds from the Northeast are dominant in the climate of the Caribbean, they are weaker and variable during the Northern Hemisphere Summer, in July, August and September.

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is an area of low atmospheric pressure that forms where the Northeastern Trade Winds meet with those from the Southeast, near the Equator. When these winds converge, the warm and moist air is forced to rise. This causes the water vapor it contains to condense as the air rises and cools, resulting in a band of strong precipitation around the globe.
Precipitations in the ITCZ show a dairy cycle: The clouds form late in the morning and early in the afternoon, and between 3 and 4 PM, the warmest hours of the day, the storms form and the precipitations start.
This band moves with the seasons of the year, always attracted to the areas of higher intensity of Solar heating, with grater surface temperatures. It moves towards the Southern Hemisphere from September to February and changes direction in April, May and June, before the Northern Hemisphere Summer.
The ITCZ is always to the Southeast of Venezuelan territory, but is nearer and affects it during the Northern Hemisphere Summer. The ITCZ is less mobile over the oceanic longitudes.
The variation in the location of the ITCZ dramatically affects the precipitations in the equatorial regions, resulting in a humid season (from May to November) and a dry one (from December to April) between the Tropics of Cancer (23.5° N) and Capricorn (23.5° S), instead of the cold and warm of higher latitudes (Temperate Climates).

Tropical moist climates extend northward and southward from the equator to about 15° to 25° of latitude. In these climates all months have average temperatures greater than 18° Celsius (64°F). Annual precipitation is greater than 1,500 mm.

See Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) (NASA - JAXA)

The Moist Tropical Climate of South Florida:

South Florida is the only region in the continental U.S. that has a Moist Tropical Climate.
The Moist Tropical Climate of southern Florida borders the Moist Subtropical Mid-Latitude Climate of central and northern Florida. This Subtropical climate generally has hot muggy summers and frequent thunderstorms, with mild winters. Its extent is from 30° to 50° of latitude, mainly on the eastern and western borders of most continents.

The border between the Florida Tropical and Subtropical climates, according to Wladimir Köppen (1918) is a line from Vero Beach to the South of Lake Okeechobee, to Fort Myers, to Punta Gorda, to Tarpon Springs.

Southern Florida is a Tropical Savannah, dominated by the Everglades. It shows pronounced, alternaing, wet and dry seasons. During the rainy season, from May to October, southern Florida shows frequently cloudy skies, high humidity and warmer temperatures. During the dry season, from November to April, southern Florida shows frequently clear skies, low humidity and colder temperatures.
There is a narrow coastal transitional strip from near Fort Pierce to Miami with a shorter dry season.

In Southern Florida the winds normally come from the East all year long. These winds tend to block cold air intrusions from the north. All months have average temperatures greater than 18° Celsius (64°F). Annual precipitation is greater than 1,500 mm. The temperature variations are kept very small by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.

See "The Climate and Weather of Florida", James A. Henry, Kenneth M. Portier and Jan Coyne, 1994. Pineapple Press, Sarasota, Florida.

See The Rains & Temperatures in South Florida (monthly averages) [in ARVAL]

ITCZ, Pressure and Wind at Sea Level:

The graphics show the center of the ITCZ (red line) and the atmospheric pressure (colors), velocity and direction at sea level (black arrows), in January and July (39 years average).

See Global Scale Circulation of the Atmosphere, Tropical Weather and Hurricanes, Chapter 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere. Fundamentals of Physical Geography - Dr. Michael Pidwirny, University of British Columbia Okanagan (PhysicalGeography.net).
See Understanding the ITCZ (International Research Institute for Climate and Society).

El Niño and La Niña are natural oscillations of the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific that have important consequences for weather around the globe. Current science can detect them, but not predict them in the long term.
They are part of a phenomenon known as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a continual but irregular cycle (of about 3 to 7 years) of shifts in ocean and atmospheric conditions that affect the global climate.
El Niño is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, as opposed to La Niña, which is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific.
Among these consequences are increased rainfall across the southern tier of the US and in Peru, which has caused destructive flooding, and drought in the West Pacific, sometimes associated with devastating brush fires in Australia.

Negative values of the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) represent the cold ENSO phase (La Niña), while positive values of the MEI represent the warm phase (El Niño). See ESRL-PSD: Multivariate ENSO Index (Klaus Wolter, NOAA).

El Niño strengthened during December 2009, with above-average sea surface temperatures the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.
In 2010, according to the Tropical Meteorology Project of the University of Colorado, "We expect that the current trend from El Niño to neutral conditions will persist and that weak La Niña conditions will develop by the most active portion of this year's hurricane season (August-October)."

See Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2010
(.pdf, June 2 '10)

"El Niño dissipated during May 2010 as positive surface temperature (SST) anomalies decreased rapidly across the equatorial Pacific Ocean and negative SST anomalies emerged across the eastern half of the Pacific."
See Climate Prediction Center: ENSO Diagnostic Discussion (3 June 2010, NOAA-NWS).

"El Niño events release heat from the tropical Pacific, and through ocean currents and changes in atmospheric circulation, they raise surface temperatures outside of the tropical Pacific."

"During La Niña events, the tropical Pacific releases less heat than normal, and global temperatures decline."

"La Niña events are a vital portion of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) coupled ocean-atmosphere process. La Niña events recharge the heat released from the tropical Pacific during the El Niño."

"Note that most La Niña events do not fully recharge the heat released by the El Niño events."

"During a La Niña event, tropical Pacific trade winds rise above normal levels. The increase in trade winds reduces cloud cover. Reduced cloud cover allows more Downward Shortwave Radiation (visible light) to warm the tropical Pacific."

"Contrary to the beliefs of anthropogenic warming proponents the 1997/98 El Niño was NOT fueled by a long-term accumulation of heat from manmade greenhouse gases.
The 1997/98 El Niño was strong enough to temporarily raise Global Lower Troposphere Temperature anomalies ~0.7° C."

"The La Niña event of 1973/74/75/76 provided the tropical Pacific Ocean Heat Content necessary for the increase in strength and frequency of El Niño events from 1976 to 1995. The 1995/96 La Niña furnished the Ocean Heat Content that served as fuel for the 1997/98 El Niño. And the 1998/99/00/01 La Niña recharged the tropical Pacific Ocean Heat Content after the 1997/98 El Niño, returning it to the new higher level established by the La Niña of 1995/96."

Ver Tisdale on the importance of El Nino's little sister - recharging ocean heat content (Bob Tisdale, Feb. 13 '10, Watts Up With That).

See El Niño story, El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (NOAA).
El Niño: online meteorology guide (WW2010, University of Illinois)
Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Project (Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array, NOAA)
El Niño and La Niña: Tracing the Dance of Ocean and Atmosphere (The National Academies)

Images from the GOES East Meteorological Satellite (GOES-12):

Intellicast: Atlantic, Caribbean, Europe, South America, United States, World (Infrared).

Images from NOAA Satellite Services Division:
GOES East Satellite Imagery: (updated every 30 min.)
Eastern U.S.: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 10 Km, 23° to 53° N, 112° to 48° W]
Central Atlantic: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 8 Km, 3° to 33° N, 76° to 24° W]
West Atlantic: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 8 Km, 3° to 33° N, 106° to 54° W]
Caribbean: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 8 Km, 5° to 35° N, 90° to 40° W]
Puerto Rico: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 3 Km, 12° to 25° N, 77° to 54° W]
Gulf of Mexico: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 4 Km, 18° to 32° N, 102° to 75° W]
South Central US: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 3 Km, 25° to 35° N, 109° to 89° W]
Southeast US: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 3 Km, 24° to 33° N, 94° to 76° W]

Image Loops from NOAA Satellite Services Division:   [Adobe Flash]
GOES East Satellite Imagery: (latest 15 images, every 30 min.)
Eastern U.S.: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 10 Km, 23° to 53° N, 112° to 48° W]
Central Atlantic: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 8 Km, 3° to 33° N, 76° to 24° W]
West Atlantic: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 8 Km, 3° to 33° N, 106° to 54° W]
Caribbean: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 8 Km, 5° to 35° N, 90° to 40° W]
Puerto Rico: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 3 Km, 12° to 25° N, 77° to 54° W]
Gulf of Mexico: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 4 Km, 18° to 32° N, 102° to 75° W]
South Central US: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 3 Km, 25° to 35° N, 109° to 89° W]
Southeast US: Visible - Infrared Channel 4 - Rainbow - Water Vapor [Resolution 3 Km, 24° to 33° N, 94° to 76° W]

[The most detailed information on South Florida is in the "Southeast US" sequences]

Images from the Naval Research Laboratory:
Naval Research Laboratory - Monterey, California (NRL-MRY):
West Tropic-Atlantic: (updated every 30 min.) [10° to 50° N, 100° to 0° W]
Visible Spectrum, Infrared Spectrum, Water Vapor Spectrum.
East Tropic-Atlantic: (updated every 30 min.) [0° to 40° N, 65° W to 65° E]
Visible Spectrum, Infrared Spectrum, Water Vapor Spectrum.
Multisat Stitched Atlantic Basin: (updated every 3 hours) [20° S to 55° N, 100° W to 10° E]
Visible Spectrum, Infrared Spectrum, Water Vapor Spectrum, Visible/Infrared Spectrum (Geo-Color).
Global-Atlantic: (updated every 3 hours) [75° S to 75° N, 150° to 0° W]
Visible Spectrum, Infrared Spectrum, Water Vapor Spectrum.
Cloud Winds (West Tropic-Atlantic): (updated every 6 hours) [0° to 45° N, 100° to 30° W]
Winds at low and medium Height (Visible Spectrum - 950, 800 to 600 mbar: 0,5, 1,5 to 4,3 Km),
Winds at medium Height (Infrared Spectrum - 950, 800, 600 to 400 mbar: 0,5, 1,5, 4,3 to 8,0 Km),
Winds at medium and great Height (Water Vapor Spectrum - 500, 350, 250 to 100 mbar: 5,5, 8,0, 10,5 to 13,7 Km),
Wind Shear - Low and High Level (Low-High Level Wind Shear, Knots).

[The easiest image to interpret is the "Visible/Infrared Spectrum (Geo-Color)"]

The images in the Visible spectrum are the closest to what we see with our own eyes, binoculars and telescopes. The images in the Infrared spectrum reveal heavier cloud cover, with condensation. The images in the Water Vapor spectrum reveal up to thin cloud cover and transparency (sky magnitude).

Global Hydrology and Climate Center - GOES
Interactive Global Geostationary Weather Satellite Images (NASA GHCC)

Global Hydrology and Climate Center - GOES (en Español)
Imágenes Interactivas de Satélites Meteorológicos Geoestacionarios (NASA GHCC)

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES):
GOES-8 (in the GOES-EAST position) was a geostationary satellite, at some 35,800 Km of altitude, in Lat. 0°, Long 75° W. At his height, the orbital period of the satellite equals the rotational period of the Earth. It was launched in April 13, 1994 and stopped operating in May 5, 2004. In April 1, 2004 it was substituted by GOES-12, with a similar orbit but with higher resolution sensors that was launched in July 2001.

See NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

See Office of Satellite Operations (NOAA)

See Table of Contents for the GOES Imager Tutorial

Graphic Weather Forecasts:

Weather Underground:

Weather Underground Tropical Weather (Active Tropical Storm Advisories, Forecasts and Satellite Imagery)

Clear Sky Charts for Canada, USA and parts of Mexico - by Attilla Danko:

Miami Clear Sky Chart (Downtown, 25° 46.44' N, 80° 11.64' W)

Kirby Storter Roadside Park Clear Sky Chart (US-41, Big Cypress National Preserve, 25° 52.12' N, 81° 9.84' W)

Kendale Observatory Clear Sky Chart: (Kendall, 25° 41.69' N, 80° 25.79' W)

Heaven Sent Observatory Clear Sky Chart (Florida City entrance of the Everglades, 25° 24.7' N, 80° 32.1' W)

Winter Star Party (WSP) Clear Sky Chart (West Summerland Key, 24° 38.98' N, 81° 18.57' W)

Clear Sky Alarm Clock (Mark Casazza)

Astronomy Sky Conditions (Environment Canada):
Regional model, satellite simulation, Eastern United States window (48 hrs. animation)
Cloud Images for forecast hours 00h UTC+ ... (updated between 04:00 and 05:00 UTC)
Cloud Images for forecast hours 12h UTC+ ... (updated between 16:00 and 17:00 UTC)

NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) - Southern Region Headquarters:

NWS Southern Florida - 7-Day Point Forecasts:
4 mi. East of Ochopee (25.91° N, 81.24° W)
Key Biscayne (25.69° N, 80.17° W)
Cutler (25.63° N, 80.3° W)
Florida City, Everglades National Park entrance (25.44° N, 80.48° W)
Key West (24.55° N, 81.77° W)

NWS Southern Florida - Hourly Graphical Weather Forecasts (3 days):
13 Miles WNW of Kendal Lakes West (25.78° N, 80.67° W)
Key Biscayne (25.69° N, 80.17° W)
Cutler (25.61° N, 80.33° W)
18 Miles W of Florida City, near Pa-hay-okee Overlook (25.47° N, 80.81° W)
20 Miles WSW of Florida City, near Mahogany Hammock (25.34° N, 80.72° W)
Key West (24.57° N, 81.80° W)

NOAA NWS Miami Base/Composite Reflectivity NWS Radar

NOAA NWS Interactive Graphical Sector Forecast for Miami, FL

NOAA NWS - Miami Weather Calculator

NOAA National Hurricane Center Latitude-Longitude Distance Calculator

Other Local Meteorological Forecasts:

AccuWeather.com: Hurricane Center, Southern US Weather, Key Biscayne.

Crown Weather (Atlantic Tropical Weather Page)

Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) (Long-range forecasts of hurricane, typhoon and cyclone worldwide)

cbs4.com - Weather (Miami and other Florida cities)

NBC6 Miami - Weather (Miami Weather Reports, Forecasts, Maps & Radar)

7 WSVN-TV - Weather (Miami and South Florida)

Weather.com (The Weather Channel): Miami, Florida - Weather Forecasts, Maps and Conditions,
Hurricane Central, Hurricane Trackers and Hurricane Information,
weather.com/espanol, Tiempo Local - Miami, Florida, Estados Unidos (en Español)

Forecast for Key Biscayne, Florida (HAMweather)

Local Meteorological Conditions:

NOAA - NWS Internet Weather Source: Florida Weather Conditions, Miami, Miami International Airport

NOAA - Ocean Prediction Center - Unified Surface Analysis: Tropical Atlantic Unified Analysis

Tropical Cyclones Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS)

Hurricane Alley Tracking Tropical Cyclones Worldwide

Tides:

NOAA Water Level Station Monitoring: Virginia Key, FL

Miami Harbor Entrance Tidal Locations (Tidesonline.com)

Hurricanes:

The Atlantic Hurricane Season is between June and November. These strong cyclonic storms generally move Westward and Northward, starting from the Tropical zone North of the Equator in the Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea. They originate over warm waters in an area of low atmospheric pressure and light winds that start turning counterclockwise.

See Hurricane Basics (NOAA National Hurricane Center)
See Tropical Weather and Hurricanes. Fundamentals of Physical Geography - Dr. Michael Pidwirny, University of British Columbia Okanagan (PhysicalGeography.net)

The Tropical Meteorology Project: (Dr. William Gray, Dr. Phil Klotzbach, Colorado State University)

Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2010
(.pdf, June 2 '10):

"We foresee a very active hurricane season in 2010. We have increased our forecast from early April, due to a combination of a transition from El Niño to currently-observed neutral conditions and the continuation of unusually warm tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures. We anticipate a well above-average probability of United States and Caribbean major hurricane landfall. All factors are lining up for a very active 2010 hurricane season."

"Information obtained through May 2010 indicates that the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season will be much more active than the average 1950-2000 season. We estimate that 2010 will have about 10 hurricanes (average is 5.9), 18 named storms (average is 9.6), 90 named storm days (average is 49.1), 40 hurricane days (average is 24.5), 5 major (Category 3-4-5) hurricanes (average is 2.3) and 13 major hurricane days (average is 5.0). The probability of U.S. major hurricane landfall and Caribbean major hurricane activity is estimated to be well above its long-period average. We expect Atlantic basin Net Tropical Cyclone (NTC) activity in 2010 to be approximately 195 percent of the long-term average. We have increased our seasonal forecast from early April."

Two-Week Forecasts of Atlantic Hurricane Activity (for two-week periods between August and October) (.pdf)

Current Regional Data (Climatology in Parentheses) for Miami-Dade County:
Probability of 1 or More Named Storms Making Landfall in the County 15.2% (8.1%)
Probability of 1 or More Hurricanes Making Landfall in the County 11.1% (5.8%)
Probability of 1 or More Intense Hurricanes Making Landfall in the County 5.2% (2.7%)
Probability of Tropical Storm-Force (>= 40 mph) Wind Gusts in the County 53.8% (32.7%)
Probability of Hurricane-Force (>= 75 mph) Wind Gusts in the County 21.2% (11.5%)
Probability of Intense Hurricane-Force (>= 115 mph) Wind Gusts in the County 8.4% (4.4%)
See Landfalling Hurricane Probability Project.

"This forecast is based on an extended-range early June statistical prediction scheme that utilizes 58 years of past data. Analog predictors are also utilized. The influence of El Niño conditions is implicit in these predictor fields, and therefore we do not utilize a specific ENSO forecast as a predictor."

"We expect that the current trend from El Niño to neutral conditions will persist and that weak La Niña conditions will develop by the most active portion of this year’s hurricane season (August-October). The expected trend towards weak La Niña conditions should lead to reduced levels of vertical wind shear compared with what was witnessed in 2009. Another reason for our forecast increase is due to the persistence of anomalously warm sea surface temperatures in both the tropical and North Atlantic. Current SST [Sea Surface Temperatures] anomalies are running at near-record warm levels. These very warm waters are associated with dynamic and thermodynamic factors that are very conducive for an active Atlantic hurricane season. Another factor in our forecast increase is the weaker-than-normal Azores High that prevailed during April-May. Weaker high pressure typically results in weaker trade winds that are commonly associated with more active hurricane seasons. Another important factor is that we are in the midst of a multi-decadal era of more major hurricane activity. Major hurricanes cause 80-85 percent of normalized hurricane damage."

"We are also debuting a hurricane forecast for activity in the Caribbean Basin. This forecast is based on a statistical prediction scheme that utilizes 60 years of past data. This model is predicting a very active season for the Caribbean."

[Note that this prediction by The Tropical Meteorology Project (Colorado State University) falls near the central ranges of the NOAA outlook]

Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2009
(.pdf, June 2 '09):

"We foresee slightly below-average activity for the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season. We have reduced our seasonal forecast from our early April prediction. We anticipate a slightly below-average probability of United States and Caribbean major hurricane landfall."

"Information obtained through May 2009 indicates that the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season will be slightly less active than the average 1950-2000 season. We estimate that 2009 will have about 5 hurricanes [there were 3] (average is 5.9), 11 named storms [there were 9] (average is 9.6), 50 named storm days [there were 27.25] (average is 49.1), 20 hurricane days [there were 11.25] (average is 24.5), 2 major (Category 3-4-5) hurricanes [there were 2] (average is 2.3) and 4 major hurricane days [there were 3.25] (average is 5.0). The probability of U.S. major hurricane landfall and Caribbean major hurricane activity is estimated to be slightly below the long-period average. We expect Atlantic basin Net Tropical Cyclone (NTC) activity in 2009 to be approximately 90 percent of the long-term average [it was 66%]."

"This forecast is based on an extended-range early June statistical prediction scheme that utilizes 58 years of past data. Analog predictors are also utilized. The influence of El Niño conditions is implicit in these predictor fields, and therefore we do not utilize a specific ENSO forecast as a predictor."

"We expect current weak La Niña conditions to transition to neutral and perhaps weak El Niño conditions by this year’s hurricane season. If El Niño conditions develop for this year’s hurricane season, it would tend to increase levels of vertical wind shear and decrease levels of Atlantic hurricane activity. Another reason for our forecast reduction is due to anomalous cooling of sea surface temperatures in the tropical Atlantic. Cooler waters are associated with dynamic and thermodynamic factors that are less conducive for an active Atlantic hurricane season."

Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2008
(.pdf, June 3 '08):

"We continue to foresee an above-average Atlantic basin tropical cyclone season in 2008. We anticipate an above-average probability of United States major hurricane landfall."

"Information obtained through May 2008 indicates that the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season will be more active than the average 1950-2000 season. We estimate that 2008 will have about 8 hurricanes [there were 8] (average is 5.9), 15 named storms [there were 16] (average is 9.6), 80 named storm days [there were 84.75] (average is 49.1), 40 hurricane days [there were 29.50] (average is 24.5), 4 intense (Category 3-4-5) hurricanes [there were 5] (average is 2.3) and 9 intense hurricane days [there were 8.50] (average is 5.0). The probability of U.S. major hurricane landfall is estimated to be about 135 percent of the long-period average. We expect Atlantic basin Net Tropical Cyclone (NTC) activity in 2008 to be approximately 160 percent of the long-term average [it was 164%]. We have kept our seasonal forecast the same as it was in early April. The primary concern with our current seasonal forecast numbers is the continued ocean surface warming in the eastern and central tropical Pacific. Although it seems unlikely at this point, there is a possibility that an El Niño could develop this summer and fall."

"This forecast is based on a new extended-range early June statistical prediction scheme that utilizes 58 years of past data. Analog predictors are also utilized. The influences of El Niño conditions are implicit in these predictor fields, and therefore we do not utilize a specific ENSO forecast as a predictor. We expect neutral ENSO conditions to persist during the 2008 Atlantic basin hurricane season, although there is a possibility that a weak El Niño could develop."

Also see Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) - Storm Watch Currently Active Tropical Cyclones

Also see Tropical Storm Risk (TSR)

Hurricanes: (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration - NOAA)

Images from the GOES-12 Satellite (Hurricane Tracking):
NOAA National Hurricane Center (NHC) - Tropical Prediction Center - Satellite Imagery:
East Sector Images: Visible, Infrared, Water Vapor (10° a 40° N, 100° a 47° W - updated every 30 min.).
NHC Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook: Atlantic, East Pacific.

Images from the GOES-12 Satellite (Atlantic Sector):
NOAA GOES Server - NOAA Tropical Sectors:
Atlantic Sector Images: Visible, Infrared, Water Vapor (0° to 45° N, 103° to 25° W - updated every 30 min.).

The Atlantic Hurricane Season is between June 1 and November 30.
Its maximum is between mid-August and end-October.
The middle of the season is near September 10.
On average, in a season there are 11 tropical storms and 6 hurricanes, 2 of them very strong.

Hurricanes and tropical storms per century in Hurricane Season:

See NOAA National Hurricane Center - Hurricane Climatology
(Monthly Probabilities for the trajectories of hurricanes)
and NOAA National Hurricane Center - Tropical Cyclone Climatology
(Trajectories and hurricane frequencies)

South Florida, Biscayne Bay in particular, has the highest hurricane landfall frequency in the U.S.A.; The lowest Hurricane Return Period. See NOAA National Hurricane Center - Hurricane Return Periods.

Since 1851 only 7 of 1,325 hurricanes or tropical storms have passed directly over Venezuelan territory: Paraguaná 1877, Margarita and Paraguaná 1892, Sucre and Paraguaná 1933, Sucre, Central Litoral and Falcón 1974, Paraguaná 1988, Sucre, Central Litoral, Falcón and Zulia 1993, Paraguaná 1996.
See UNISYS - Atlantic Tropical Storm Tracking by Year.

NOAA Still Expects Busy 2010 Atlantic Hurricane Season:

A "very active" hurricane season is expected for the Atlantic Basin this year according to the seasonal outlook updated on August 5 '10 by NOAA's Climate Prediction Center - a division of the National Weather Service (NWS).

"We estimate a 70% probability for each of the following ranges of activity this season:
14 to 20 Named Storms (top winds of 39 mph or higher), including:
8 to 12 Hurricanes (top winds of 74 mph or higher), of which:
4 to 6 could be Major Hurricanes (Category 3, 4 or 5; winds of at least 111 mph).
(these include Alex, Bonnie and Colin)"

"The outlook ranges exceed the seasonal average of 11 named storms, six hurricanes and two major hurricanes. Expected factors supporting this outlook are:
- Upper atmospheric winds conducive for storms. Wind shear, which can tear apart storms, will be weaker since El Niño in the eastern Pacific has dissipated. Strong wind shear helped suppress storm development during the 2009 hurricane season.
- Warm Atlantic Ocean water. Sea surface temperatures are expected to remain above average where storms often develop and move across the Atlantic. Record warm temperatures – up to four degrees Fahrenheit above average – are now present in this region.
- High activity era continues. Since 1995, the tropical multi-decadal signal has brought favorable ocean and atmospheric conditions in sync, leading to more active hurricane seasons. Eight of the last 15 seasons rank in the top ten for the most named storms with 2005 in first place with 28 named storms."

"NOAA’s 2010 Atlantic Hurricane Season Outlook calls for an 90% chance of an above normal season. The outlook indicates only a 10% chance of a near-normal season.
The Atlantic hurricane region includes the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico."

"NOAA scientists will continue to monitor evolving conditions in the tropics and issued an updated hurricane outlook in early August, just prior to what is historically the peak period for hurricane activity."

See NOAA Still Expects Busy Atlantic Hurricane Season; La Niña Develops (NOAA, August 5, 2010)
See Atlantic Hurricane Outlook Update (NWS, Climate Prediction Center, August 5, 2010)

[Note that the prediction by The Tropical Meteorology Project (Colorado State University) falls near the central ranges of this NOAA outlook]

See Hurricanes: Nature's Greatest Storms (NOAA)
See NOAA-AOML Hurricane FAQ (with Spanish version)

NOAA forecasted for 2009 a season with activity probably near or below the average: From 7 to 11 tropical storms (there were 9), with 3 to 6 turning into hurricanes (there were 3), of which 1 to 2 could be very strong (there were 2). The great majority of these storms and hurricanes was in August, September and October '09.

See Slow Atlantic Hurricane Season Comes to a Close (NOAA)
See 2009 Atlantic Hurricane Outlook Update [Graphic] (NOAA Climate Prediction Center, August 6 '09)
See NCDC: Atlantic Ocean 2009 Tropical Cyclones (National Climatic Data Center)

The 2008 Atlantic Hurricane Season officially came to a close on Sunday, November 30, marking the end of a season that produced a record number of consecutive storms to strike the United States and ranks as one of the more active seasons in the 64 years since comprehensive records began.

See Atlantic Hurricane Season Sets Records (NOAA News, November 26 '08)

NOAA forecasted for 2008 another season with activity probably over the average: From 12 to 16 tropical storms (there were 16), with 6 to 9 turning into hurricanes (there were 8), of which 2 to 5 could be very strong (there were 5). The great majority of these storms and hurricanes would be in August, September and October '08.

See 2008 Atlantic Hurricane Outlook Update (NOAA Climate Prediction Center, Aug 7 '08)
See NCDC: Atlantic Ocean 2008 Tropical Cyclones (National Climatic Data Center)

NOAA forecasted for 2007 another season with activity probably over the average: From 13 to 17 tropical storms (there were 9), with 7 to 10 turning into hurricanes (there were 6), of which 3 to 5 could be very strong (there were 2). The great majority of these storms and hurricanes would be in August, September and October '07 (there were from May to December).

See NOAA: 2007 Atlantic Hurricane Outlook (NOAA Climate Prediction Center, May 22 '07. Updated in August 9 '07)
See NCDC: Atlantic Ocean 2007 Tropical Cyclones (National Climatic Data Center)
See The 2007 North Atlantic Hurricane Season - A Climate Perspective (Adobe .pdf, NOAA Climate Prediction Center)

NOAA forecasted for 2006 another season with activity probably over the average: From 12 to 15 tropical storms (there were 9), with 7 to 9 turning into hurricanes (there were 5), of which 3 to 4 could be very strong (there were 2). The great majority of these storms and hurricanes would be in August, September and October '06 (they were in August and September).

See NOAA: 2006 Atlantic Hurricane Outlook (NOAA Climate Prediction Center, May 22 '06. Updated in August 8 '06)
See NCDC: Atlantic Ocean 2006 Tropical Cyclones (National Climatic Data Center)
See The 2006 North Atlantic Hurricane Season - A Climate Perspective (Adobe .pdf, NOAA Climate Prediction Center)

NOAA forecasted for 2005 another season with activity probably over the average: From 18 to 21 tropical storms (there were 28), with 9 to 11 converting into hurricanes (there were 15), of which 5 to 7 could be very strong (there were 5).

The 2005 season is the most active in the records and continued the cycle initiated in 1995 that will probably extend into coming years.

See NOAA Raises the 2005 Atlantic Season Outlook (NOAA Climate Prediction Center, August 2 '05)
See NOAA Reviews Record-Setting 2005 Hurricane Season (NOAA Climate Prediction Center, April 13 '06)
See NCDC: Atlantic Ocean 2005 Tropical Cyclones (National Climatic Data Center)
See The 2005 North Atlantic Hurricane Season - A Climate Perspective (Adobe .pdf, NOAA Climate Prediction Center)

The Saffir-Simpson Scale for Tropical Cyclones:

Ryan N. Maue's Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Activity Update
PhD Candidate, Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee

North Atlantic Hurricane Season ends

November 30, 2009:
In terms of the Accumulated Cyclone Energy index [ACE], 2009 tallied ~52 ACE points which is less than half of normal. 2009 was the quietest year since 1997 (ACE= 41) and the 16th slowest since 1940.
Interestingly, 2009 saw 1/5th of the activity of 2005, the most active ACE season on record: 3 storms out of the total of 9 accounted for 85% of the total ACE (Bill, Fred, and Ida). These 3 storms were the only hurricanes out of the total 9 tropical storms.

The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) metric combines frequency, duration, and the intensity of tropical cyclones into one value that can be calculated from historical storm records as well as current operational center (i.e. NHC) advisories.

Global tropical cyclone activity remains near 30-year+ lows.

For a listing of the past 70-years of ACE values for the North Atlantic Listing, see Ryan N. Maue's Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Activity Update.

Also see NOAA Still Expects Active Atlantic Hurricane Season; La Niña Develops (August 5, 2010. Watts Up With That?).

Have Atmospheric CO₂ Increases Been Responsible for the Recent Large Upswing (since 1995) in Atlantic Basin Major Hurricanes?

"The U.S. landfall of major hurricanes Dennis, Katrina, Rita and Wilma in 2005 and the four Southeast landfalling hurricanes of 2004 – Charley, Frances, Ivan and Jeanne, raised questions about the possible role that global warming played in those two unusually destructive seasons. In addition, three category 2 hurricanes (Dolly, Gustav and Ike) pummeled the Gulf Coast in 2008 causing considerable devastation. Some researchers have tried to link the rising CO₂ levels with SST [Sea Surface Temperatures] increases during the late 20th century and say that this has brought on higher levels of hurricane intensity."

"These speculations that hurricane intensity has increased have been given much media attention; however, we believe that they are not valid, given current observational data."

"There has, however, been a large increase in Atlantic basin major hurricane activity since 1995 in comparison with the prior 15-year period of 1980-1994 (22 major hurricanes) and the prior quarter-century period of 1970-1994 (38 major hurricanes). It has been tempting for many who do not have a strong background in hurricane knowledge to jump on this recent 15-year increase in major hurricane activity as strong evidence of a human influence on hurricanes. It should be noted, however, that the last 15-year active major hurricane period of 1995-2009 (56 major hurricanes) has, however, not been more active than the earlier 15-year period of 1950-1964 (57 major hurricanes) when the Atlantic Ocean circulation conditions were similar to what has been observed in the last 15 years. These conditions occurred even though atmospheric CO₂ amounts were lower in the earlier period."

"Although global surface temperatures increased during the late 20th century, there is no reliable data to indicate increased hurricane frequency or intensity in any of the globe’s other tropical cyclone basins since 1979. Global Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) shows significant year-to-year and decadal variability over the past thirty years but no increasing trend. Similarly, Klotzbach (2006) found no significant change in global tropical cyclone activity during the period from 1986-2005."

See Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2010
(Dr. William Gray, Dr. Phil Klotzbach, Colorado State University, part 10, June 2 '10, .pdf)

Global Warming? (now called "Climate Change")

"In 1988 the scientist James Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced to Congress (USA) and the world, "Global warming has begun". He went on to report that, at least to his satisfaction, he had seen the "signal" in the climate noise and that the earth was destined for global warming, perhaps in the form of a runaway greenhouse effect. Hansen later revised his remarks, but his statement remained the starting point of widespread concerns over global warming. That same year the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed as a joint program of the United Nations Environmental Program, the World Meteorological Organization, and the International Congress of Scientific Unions. It has a mandate to prepare regular assessments of what is known and what should be done about anthropogenic climate change."

See Updating the Climate Science (Makiko Sato & James Hansen, Columbia University)
See Climate Definition, Synonyms (Answers.com)

Retired senior NASA atmospheric scientist, Dr. John S. Theon, the former supervisor of James Hansen, has now publicly declared himself a skeptic and declared that Hansen "embarrassed NASA". He violated NASA's official agency position on climate forecasting ("we did not know enough to forecast climate change or mankind's effect on it"). Hansen thus embarrassed NASA by coming out with his claims of global warming in 1988 in his testimony before Congress. [January 15, 2009]

Theon declared: "Climate models are useless".

See Watts Up With That? (January 27, 2009)

James Hansen is the director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) (Study of global climate change).

The Croll-Milankovitch Cycles:

"Variations in the intensity and timing of heat from the Sun are the most likely cause of glacial/interglacial cycles. This variability is partially driven by changes in the Sun's output, but is affected more strongly by variations in Earth's orbit."

"There are three major components of Earth's orbit about the Sun that contribute to changes in our climate. These are, the Precession of the Equinoxes, and changes in Axial Obliquity and Orbital Eccentricity.
The full cycle of equinox precession takes 25,800 years to complete. Presently, Earth is closest to the Sun in January and farther away in July.
Presently Earth's tilt is 23.5°, but the 41,000 year cycle varies from 22.1° to 24.5°.
Earth's orbit goes from measurably elliptical to nearly circular in a cycle that takes around 100,000 years."

"Individually, each of the three cycles affect insolation patterns. When taken together, they can partially cancel or reinforce each other in complicated ways."

See The Resilient Earth, Chapter 9, Variations In Earth's Orbit (.pdf Downloadable Book. Doug L. Hoffman & Allen Simmons, 2008 - Free)

Also see Milutin Milankovitch (1879-1958) (NASA Earth Observatory)

A New And Effective Climate Model:

"Despite a substantial increase in the power of the Sun over billions of years the temperature of the Earth has remained remarkably stable.
My proposition is that the reason for that is the existence of water in liquid form in the oceans combined with a relatively stable total atmospheric density. If the power input from the sun changes then the effect is simply to speed up or slow down the hydrological cycle."

"A change in the speed of the entire hydrological cycle does have a climate effect but as we shall see on timescales relevant to human existence it is too small to measure in the face of internal system variability from other causes."

"Additionally my propositions provide the physical mechanisms accounting for the mathematics of Dr. F. Miskolczi."

"He appears to have demonstrated mathematically that if greenhouse gases in the air other than water vapour increase then the amount of water vapour declines so as to maintain an optimum optical depth for the atmosphere which modulates the energy flow to maintain sea surface and surface air temperature equilibrium."

See A New And Effective Climate Model (Stephen Wilde, Watt's Up with That, April 6 '10)

The Thermostat Hypothesis: How clouds and thunderstorms control the Earth's temperature

The Thunderstorm Thermostat Hypothesis is that tropical clouds and thunderstorms actively regulate the temperature of the earth. This keeps the earth at an equilibrium temperature regardless of changes in the forcings.

Several kinds of evidence are presented to establish and elucidate the Thermostat Hypothesis - historical temperature stability of the Earth, theoretical considerations, satellite photos, and a description of the equilibrium mechanism.

See The Thermostat Hypothesis (Willis Eschenbach) (in ARVAL)

Man-made 'global warming' has not been scientifically proven correct, while significant reasons for considering this hypothesis as incorrect have been presented:

"The Earth’s climate has predominantly been warmer than at present. However, there has been some significant cooling that resulted in the development of extensive glaciations, in some of which ice sheets even reached the tropics. Therefore, any reliable forecasts of climate change, before discussion of prevention or neutralization, should take into account evidence from the geological past when, obviously, neither humans nor industry affected the Earth."

"During the last 400 thousand years – still without anthropogenic greenhouse influence – the content of carbon dioxide in the air, as indicated by ice cores from Antarctica, was repeatedly 4 times at similar or even slightly higher level than at present."

"In the past millennium, after warm medieval ages, by the end of the 13th century a cold period started and lasted up to the middle of the 19th century, then gave pace to another warm period in which we are living now. The phenomena observed today, specifically a temporary rise of global temperature, just reflect a natural rhythm of climate change."

"Instrumental monitoring of climate parameters has been carried out for only slightly more than 200 years and exclusively on some parts of the continents that constitute a small part of the Earth. Several older measurement stations once set up in suburbs now appear, due to progressive urbanization, in the town centers which results among other effects in increased values of the measured temperatures. Profound examination of the oceans was initiated 40 years ago. Reliable climatic models must not be based on such a short measurement data base. Therefore, considerable restraint is desirable if ascribing exclusive or predominant responsibility to man for increased emission of greenhouse gases. The reality of such arbitrary statement on human influence has not been demonstrated."

"It is certain that increased content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is connected partly with human activity. Therefore, all steps that restrain this emission and agree with principles of sustainable development should be taken, starting from a cease of extensive deforestation, especially in tropical areas."

See Attitude of the Committee of Geological Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences to the question of impending of global warming (February 12 '09, .pdf)

"IPCC predicts rapid, exponential CO2 growth that is not occurring."
"The 29-year global warming trend is just 2.5 °F (1.5 °C) per century."

"The IPCC assume CO2 concentration will rise exponentially from today's 385 parts per million to reach 730 to 1,020 ppm, central estimate 836 ppm, by 2100." "However, for seven years, CO2 concentration has been rising in a straight line towards just 575 ppm by 2100."

See Trends in Carbon Dioxide - Mauna Loa (NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory)
See SPPI Monthly CO2 Report: March 2009 (Science and Public Policy Institute)

"The observed increase in global mean surface temperature over the industrial era is less than 40% of that expected from observed increases in long-lived greenhouse gases together with the best-estimate equilibrium climate sensitivity given by the 2007 Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)."

See Why Hasn't Earth Warmed as Much as Expected? (Stephen E. Schwartz et al. - AMS Online Journals)

"Over the 1993-2000 period, the mean sea level trend of the Southern Ocean is estimated at 2.34 ± 0.34 mm/yr, compared to 1.21 ± 0.15 mm/yr for the global ocean."
"Globally, no dramatic sea level rising trend resembling the exponential concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is observed during the past century."

See "Sea level trends: southern ocean versus global ocean", in Interannual sea level variability in the Southern Ocean within the context of global climate change (NASA-JPL, TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason)

E-mails leaked out of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) (University of East Anglia, UK) show scientists colluding to distort data to favor the man-made global warming hypothesis and suppress opinion and scientific works opposing it.
Scientists from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia are leading authors and contributors of the IPCC Assessment Reports on Climate Change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, UNEP).

These distorted data are the "physical" basis for "Global Warming" and "Climate Change".

See Climate Emails Stoke Debate (Keith Johnson, The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 23 '09)
See What the Global Warming Emails Reveal (Editorial, The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 24 '09)
See The Climate Science Isn't Settled (Richard S. Lindzen, The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 1 '09)
See Climategate: Follow the Money (Bret Stephens, The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 1 '09)
See How to Manufacture a Climate Consensus (Patrick J. Michaels, The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 17 '09)
See The Continuing Climate Meltdown (Editorial, The Wall Street Journal, Feb. 16 '10)
See The Climategate Whitewash Continues (Patrick J. Michaels, The Wall Street Journal, Jul. 18 '10)

See East Anglia Confirmed Emails from the Climate Research Unit (Searchable)

Science is not based on models but on autentic measurements. Models must be based on science, not the other way around.

The climate in Venus is not controlled by an atmospheric 'greenhouse effect' even though CO₂ is near 97% in its atmosphere, because it has an extremely high atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure on Venus is 92 times greater than on Earth. The surface of Venus receives no direct sunshine. The Venusian atmosphere is full of dense, high clouds; 30 to 40 Km thick with bases at 30 or 35 Km of altitude. Venusian climate is controlled by atmospheric pressure.
On Earth's atmosphere, CO₂ is some 0.06%; surely not enough to cause a catastrophyc 'greenhouse effect'.
According to many climatologists and the IPCC climate models, there is a positive feedback action amplifying the CO₂ effect to be much more potent, but this theoretical effect has not been actually measured in practice.

Understanding that a trace amount of CO₂ can not be a main cause of a catastrophyc atmospheric 'greenhouse effect' means we are more in control of the quality of the air. We are more responsible for our planet regarding the atmospheric pollution we cause, and pollution must be minimized for the water and the ground too, and extensive deforestation must cease.

For more information,
see Climate Change ("Global Warming"?)  The cyclic nature of Earth's climate (Conference in ARVAL)

Links:

AccuWeather.com: Global Climate Change Blog
Anthropogenic Global Warming - Fact or Hoax? (A Middlebury Community Network editorial by James A. Peden)
Bishop Hill blog (A.W. Montford)
C3 Headlines (Climate Cycle Changes)
Calamitology.com (Steve Schulin, Discussion of exaggerated claims about climate science)
Calder's Updates: Climate Change (Nigel Calder)
Carlin Economics and Science (Dr. Alan Carlin, Ph.D. in Economics, B.S. in Physics)
Christopher Booker's comment, columns and opinion (Telegraph.co.uk)
Climate Audit (Steve McIntyre)
Climate Change Fraud (Because the debate is not over)
Climate Change Reconsidered (2009 Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change [NIPCC])
Climategate (Anthropogenic Global Warming, history's biggest scam)
Climate Observations (Notes From Bob Tisdale on Climate Change and Global Warming)
Climate Realists (Real explanations as to what has made our climate change)
Climate Research News (Bridging the gap between reality and official science)
Climate Review (Home of the movie "Church of Global Warming", James Follett, 1hr. - Free)
ClimateSanity (Tom Moriarty)
Climate Scam (Review of the Climate Change News)
Climate Science (Roger Pielke Sr.)
Co2 Insanity (the insanity surrounding Anthropogenic Global Warming)
CO2 Science (Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change)
Cold Facts on Global Warming (T.J. Nelson, Ph.D. in biophysics)
Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT) (David Rothbard and Craig Rucker)
Don J. Easterbrook, Professor Emeritus (Department of Geology, Western Washington University)
Friends of Science (Providing Insight into Global Warming)
Global Warming (Roy Spencer, Ph. D., Principal Research Scientist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville - UAH)
Global Warming at a glance (JunkScience.com)
Global Warming Facts (The Heartland Institute)
Global Warming - Introduction (West Virginia Plant Fossils)
 - Global Warming: A closer look at the numbers
Global Warming Science (Applied Information Systems - AppInSys, Alan Cheetham)
 - AIS Climate Data Visualizer (Global Historical Climate Network temperature data graphing - from NOAA, HadCRU)
Global Warming: The Other Side (Part 1) (Joseph D'Aleo, E. Michael Smith, Video, John Coleman, KUSI - News, Weather and Sports - San Diego, CA)
 - Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, The Amazing Story Behind the Global Warming Scam, Joseph D'Aleo (full interview)
 - Continued in Global Warming: Meltdown - Part 1, Part 2, Part 3.
Hide the decline (Frank Lansner and Nicolai Skjoldby)
International Climate and Environmental Change Assessment Project (ICECAP)
JoNova - The Skeptics Handbook
Landshape (niche modeling) Current scientific issues, prediction
Michael Crichton - The Official Site: Videos
Minnesotans for Global Warming (M4GW)
 - Hide the Decline - Climategate (Musical Video, YouTube)
No Cap and Trade Facts, not Fiction on Climate Change
 - Hide the Decline - Climategate (Musical Videos)
NOconsensus.org (No Scientific Consensus on Global Warming. Donna Laframboise, Toronto, Canada)
P Gosselin - NoTricksZone (Climate News from Germany in English. Pierre Gosselin)
Ross McKitrick (Annotated Index to Publications and Papers)
San Francisco Environmental Policy Examiner (Thomas Fuller)
Science and Public Policy Institute (SPPI)
 - 35 Inconvenient Truths: The errors in Al Gore's movie (Christopher Monckton of Brenchley, Oct. 19 '07)
 - Three Speeches by Michael Crichton (Michael Crichton, December 11, 2009)
 - two dead elephants in parliament (Malcolm Roberts, February 7, 2010)
 - Response to John Abraham (Christopher Monckton of Brenchley, July 12 '10)
Seminole County Environmental News Examiner (Kirk Myers)
 - New research into greenhouse effect challenges theory of man-made global warming (Dr. F. Miskolczi, Feb. 9 '10)
 - Former NASA scientist defends theory refuting global warming doctrine (Dr. Ferenc Miskolczi, February 12 '10)
Shub Niggurath Climate
Socrates Paradox (to promote integrity in science)
Steven Goddard (A creative view of science, politics and the human condition)
The Air Vent (by Jeff Id)
The Case for Skepticism on Global Warming (Michael Crichton, National Press Club, January 25, 2005)
The Great Global Warming Swindle (A Documentary by Martin Durkin, Produced by WAGTV)
The Hockey Schtick (The Travesty of Global Cooling - 12 Years & Counting)
The Real Inconvenient Truth: Greenhouse, global warming and some facts (JunkScience.com)
The Resilient Earth (Science, Global Warming and the Fate of Humanity)
 - The Resilient Earth (.pdf Downloadable Book. Doug L. Hoffman & Allen Simmons, 2008 - Free)
Watts Up With That? (by Anthony Watts)
 - Global Sea Ice Reference Page (Arctic and Antarctic current graphs and imagery)
 - surfacestations.org (Climate stations physical site survey data)
Wood for Trees (Software tools for analysis and graphing of time series data. Paul Clark)
World Climate Report (Chief Editor: Patrick J. Michaels)

Note on the Theory of the Greenhouse
(By Professor R. W. Wood, Philosophical Magazine, 1909. Vol. 17, pp. 319-320) [in tech-archive.net]
The Thermostat Hypothesis (Willis Eschenbach, Watts Up With That?, June 14 '09)
Global warming: Our best guess is likely wrong (Jade Boyd, Rice University News, July 14 '09)
What happened to global warming? (BBC NEWS | Science & Environment, Oct. 9 '09)
Not Evil Just Wrong - Blog (The true cost of global warming hysteria)
 - Not Evil Just Wrong (Documentary film, Phelim McAleer and Ann McElhinney, Oct. 18 '09)
The real climate change catastrophe (Christopher Booker, Telegraph.co.uk, Oct. 25 '09)
Climategate: CRU Was But the Tip of the Iceberg (Marc Sheppard, American Thinker, Jan. 22 '10)
CO2 heats the atmosphere...a counter view (Tom Vonk, Watts Up With That, August 5 '10)

Centre for Ocean and Ice (COI) (Danish Meteorological Institute)
Climate Change (NASA)
Climate Prediction Center (CPC) (NOAA)
Climatic Research Unit (CRU) (University of East Anglia, UK)
Daily AMSR-E sea ice maps: Arctic, Antarctic sea ice extent (University of Bremen, Germany)
Daily Updated Time series of Arctic sea ice area and extent derived from SSMI data provided by NERSC (Arctic ROOS)
Data of Sea Ice Extent [AMSR-E in the Arctic Ocean] (IARC-JAXA)
Distributed Information Services for Climate and Ocean Products and Visualizations for Earth Research (DISCOVER)
 - Daily Earth Temperatures from Satellites (AMSU-A Temperatures, University of Alabama in Huntstville - UAH)
Earth System Research Laboratory Global Monitoring Division (NOAA)
 - El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
El Niño: online meteorology guide (WW2010, University of Illinois)
El Niño and La Niña: Tracing the Dance of Ocean and Atmosphere (The National Academies)
Global Warming (NASA Worldbook)
Global Warming Facts, Causes, Effects, Solutions (National Geographic)
IPCC Reports - Climate Change (UNEP)
 - Vital Climate Graphics - Update 2005 (UNEP/GRID-Arendal)
National Snow Analyses NOAA-NWS National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC)
National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)
 - Sea Ice Index (Artic/Antartic, Monthly/Daily)
National Weather Service (NWS) Space Weather Prediction Center (NOAA)
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) (Ian Bell, Martin Visbeck, Columbia University)
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) (David B. Stephenson, Exeter University)
Observing the Earth - Understanding Our Planet (European Space Agency - ESA)
Ocean Surface Topography from Space (NASA-JPL, TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason)
PALEOMAP Project (Earth & Climate History, Christopher R. Scotese)
Polar Science Center (Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS), University of Washington)
Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow - Cryosphere Today, Global Sea Ice Area (University of Illinois)
Rutgers University Climate Lab :: Global Snow Lab
Securing Our Environment (European Space Agency - ESA)
Solar Physics (Marshall Space Flight Center)
State of the Climate (NOAA National Climatic Data Center - NCDC)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Frank L. Lambert, Professor Emeritus, Occidental College, Los Angeles)
Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Project (Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array, NOAA)
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) (NASA - JAXA)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (United Nations)

This page was updated in: August 31 '10

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